A. J. MATTILL, Jr.
Stephen was one of the first deacons (Acts 6:1-7) and the first Christian martyr (Acts 7:54-8:2). He “was filled with the Holy Spirit” (Acts 6:3, 5; 7-55). “God gave Stephen the power to work great miracles and wonders among the people” (Acts 6:8). Jerome (about 340-420) and other fathers of the Church praised Stephen as a man of great learning and eloquence. Roman Catholics regard Stephen as a saint.
Stephen made the longest speech recorded in Acts (Acts 7:2-56). His speech is a rapid survey of Hebrew history, beginning with Abraham and moving on to Joseph, Moses, David, and Solomon, who built the Temple of Jerusalem. Let us now scrutinize Stephen’s speech.
l. Contradictions with the Old Testament. Here we look at three likely contradictions between Stephen’s speech and the Old Testament.
Contradiction One. Stephen said that God called Abraham while he was still in Ur in Mesopotamia, before he went to Haran (Acts 7:2-4). Or did God call Abraham after he had moved to Haran (Genesis 12:1-5)?
Contradiction Two. Did Abraham’s father, Terah, die before God called Abraham (Genesis 11:32)? Or was Stephen correct in saying that Terah died after God called Abraham (Acts 7:4)?
Contradiction Three. Did seventy people of Jacob’s family go to live in Egypt (Genesis 46:27; Exodus 1:5; Deuteronomy 10:22)? Or was Stephen correct in saying the number was seventy-five (Acts 7:13-14)?
Apologists point out that Stephen, speaking extemporaneously in a tense situation, could easily have become confused on some details. Yet Stephen “was filled with the Holy Spirit” (Acts 6:5) and therefore should not have erred on any matters, large or small. Surely Jesus’ words spoken to the twelve disciples applied to Stephen as well: “When someone arrests you, don’t worry about what you will say, for at that time you will be given the words to say. But you will not really be the one speaking. The Spirit from your Father will tell you what to say” (Matthew 10:19-20). No chance for errors there!
Now let us look at what the Hebrew text of the Bible says about how many people of Jacob’s family went down from the Promised Land to live in Egypt. Genesis 46:27 says that “all the people comprising Jacob’s family who had come to Egypt amounted to seventy persons in all” (New American Bible). Exodus 1:5 reports that the total number of the direct descendants of Jacob who migrated with Jacob into Egypt was seventy people. Deuteronomy 10:22 agrees that seventy Israelites went down to Egypt. The Hebrew text stands 100% opposed to Stephen’s 75.
According to the Septuagint, the translation of the Hebrew Old Testament into Greek in the third century BC/BCE, the number of Hebrews who migrated to Egypt was 75 (Genesis 46:27) and 75 (Exodus 1:5). Deuteronomy 10:22, however, reports that 70 went down to Egypt.
Thus the Hebrew texts of Genesis 46:27, Exodus 1:5, and Deuteronomy 10:22 unanimously report that 70 Israelites went to Egypt, thus contradicting Stephen’s 75, 3 times. The Greek text, however, agrees twice with Stephen (75) (Genesis 46:27; Exodus 1:5), and disagrees once with Stephen (70) (Deuteronomy 10:22). The biblical texts, Hebrew and Greek, thus support Stephen’s 75 twice and contradict Stephen’s 75 4 times.
Our survey would be incomplete without a report on the eminent Jewish historian, Josephus (died about AD/CE 100). Twice he states that 70 Hebrews migrated to Egypt (Antiquities 2:7, 4 and 6:5,6). Thus Josephus contradicts Stephen two times.
In short, 4 times the biblical evidence contradicts Stephen’s claim that 75 Hebrews went to Egypt from Canaan. Twice the extra-biblical evidence (Josephus) contradicts Stephen. Thus the biblical and extra-biblical evidence contradict Stephen six times. This evidence supports Stephen only twice.
On the basis of this evidence, I conclude that Stephen erred in Acts 7:14. So what? If the Bible errs once, it may err thousands of times and thus is not a trustworthy book!
ll. Cruel Circumcision. Now let us note Stephen’s wholehearted approval of the rite of circumcision: “God said to Abraham, ‘Every son in each family must be circumcised to show that you have kept your agreement with me.’ So when Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him. Later Issac circumcised his son, Jacob, and Jacob circumcised his twelve sons” (Acts 7:8, Contemporary English Version). See Genesis 17:9-14.
The origin of circumcision is not known. In ancient times it was practiced among the western Semites—Hebrews, Arabians, Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, and Egyptians. Stephen, however, says right up front that the Hebrews practiced circumcision, not because they copied other Semites, but because God commanded them to do so. End of discussion.
It never dawned on Stephen that circumcision is the unkindest cut of all, for it’s a cruel, disfiguring, painful, senseless, unnecessary mutilation of the sensitive penis.
lll. Chosenpeopleism. Stephen declares that the Lord said to Moses, “With my own eyes I have seen the suffering of my people in Egypt” (Acts 7:34). Here Stephen accepts the unacceptable doctrine of Israel as God’s chosen people. Stephen’s God is a God who plays favorites. Much more discerning than Stephen was a Roman philosopher of the second century AD/CE, Celsus, who observed, “The very notion of an elect people of God is worse than irrational; it also leads Christians and Jews to imagine that their myths are superior to everyone else’s, and that their religion is true and all others are false. The Jews’ belief that they are God’s elect is a mere reflection of inflated pride. Nor is it likely that they are in favor with God and are loved more than other folk, and that angels are sent to them alone, as though they had been assigned some land of the blessed.” For more on chosenpeoplesim, see my The Seven Mighty Blows to Traditional Beliefs (Gordo, AL: The Flatwoods Free Press, 1995), pp. 186-188.
lV. Promisedlandism. Now we concentrate on Acts 7:4-5, which has Stephen saying, “Abraham settled in the land of Canaan. God didn’t then give Abraham any part of it as his own, not even a square foot of ground, but God promised to give it to him, and that it would belong to him and his descendants forever.” See Genesis 12:6-7; 13:15; 15:18-21; 17:8. Note especially Genesis 15:18, where the Lord says to Abraham, “I promise to give your descendants all this land from the river of Egypt unto the great river Euphrates.” On the basis of such hallucinations as these. today’s Zionists are planning for a “Greater Israel” which will include all the land between the Nile and the Euphrates. Stephen’s words in Acts 7:4-5 harmonize beautifully with the Zionists’ plans and therefore Stephen must bear some of the blame for today’s turmoil in the Near East.
The Conquest of Canaan. Stephen said, “Our ancestors went with Joshua and took over the land from the nations that God drove out as they advanced” (Acts 7:45). Stephen here approves the Israelites’ conquest of Canaan, which was a “holy war,” in which every person in the seven nations of Palestine was to be killed, a horribly brutal operation. According to the Bible’s own figures (Exodus 12:37; Deuteronomy 7: 1,7), that would have been some 21,000,000 men, women, and children. Exodus 12:37 indicates there were 3,000,000 Israelites, and Deuteronomy 7:1,7 informs us that each of the seven nations had more people than Israel. Yet Stephen was unmoved by this incredible blood bath perpetrated by a God who was a merciless monster.
Vl. Hallucinations. Now we look at the hallucinations of Moses and Stephen. By hallucinations we mean seeing and/or hearing the creations of one’s imagination, that is, perceptions for which there are no external stimulants.
1. Moses’ Hallucinations. Stephen tells his audience that an angel appeared to Moses from a burning bush in the desert near Mount Sinai. Moses was surprised by what he saw [that is, by what he imagined he saw]. He went closer to get a better look, [and he thought] he heard the Lord say, “I am the God who was worshiped by your ancestors, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.” Mose started shaking all over and didn’t dare to look at the bush. [Then Moses had another auditory hallucination] and heard the Lord say to him, “Take off your sandals. The place where you are standing is holy ground. With my own eyes I have seen the suffering of my people in Egypt. I have heard their groans and have come down to rescue them. Now I am sending you back to Egypt” (Acts 7: 30-34; comments within brackets added by AJM).
2. Stephen’s Hallucination. According to Acts 7: 55-56, Stephen, filled with the Holy Spirit, looked toward heaven where he saw the glory of God. Stephen also saw Jesus standing at God’s right hand. Then Stephen said, “Behold, I see the heavens opened and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God.” That’s Stephen’s visual hallucination—he saw the creation of his own over-heated imagination.
In short, Moses and Stephen were seeing and hearing the fruit of their imaginations.
Vll. The Flawed Characters of Stephen’s Heroes.
1. Abraham. Abraham owned slaves (Genesis 12:5, 14:14; 17: 12-13). He had three wives and concubines (Genesis 16: 1-3; 25:1). Cold-blooded Abraham and Sarah sent Hagar and her child, Ishmael, into the desert, where they almost perished (Genesis 21: 9-21). Abraham was a liar. He instructed his wife Sarah to tell the Egyptians that she was his sister (Genesis 12: 10-20). Genesis 20:1-18 tells of Abraham’s similar dishonesty with King Abimelech of Gerar.
2. Jacob. Jacob is infamous for being a liar par excellence. Genesis 27 informs us that Jacob, in order to obtain his brother Esau’s blessing from his blind father, Isaac, lied to Isaac four times and deceived him in three ways. Lie One. “Which of my sons are you?” asked Isaac. “I am your elder son Esau,” responded Jacob (27:18-19). Lie Two. Jacob said to Isaac, “I have done what you told me,” meaning, “I have taken my bow and arrow, gone into the country, killed an animal, and cooked it for you” (27:3, 19). In fact, Jacob had taken two goats from the flock and his mother, Rebecca, had cooked them (27:9, 14). Lie Three. “How did you find it so quickly, son?” Jacob answered, “The Lord your God helped me find it” (27:20). Lie Four. “Are you really Esau?” “I am,” answered Jacob (27:24).
Deceit One. Jacob’s deceitful mother, Rebecca, put Esau’s odoriferous clothes on her cunning son, Jacob, so that Isaac would think he was smelling Esau (27: 15, 27). Deceit Two. Rebecca put the goatskins on Jacob’s smooth skin to make Isaac think he was feeling Esau’s hairy skin (27:11, 16, 22-23). Deceit Three. Rebecca cooked the meat to taste like Esau’s tasty food (27: 4, 9, 25).
To top it all off, Jacob owned slaves (Genesis 32:5) and had four wives and concubines, Leah, Rachel, Bihah, and Zilpah (Genesis 29:21-30:13).
3. Moses. Moses was a murderer, for he killed an Egyptian (Exodus 2:11-12; Acts 7:23-28). At Moses’ command, Levites killed about 3,000 men for worshiping a golden calf (Exodus 32: 19-29). During the holy war against Midian, Moses ordered his commanders to kill every Midianite boy and to kill every Midianite woman who had had sexual intercourse, but to keep alive all the girls and women who were virgins, 32,000 virgins [miraculously identified?] (Numbers 31: 13-35). In connection with the conquest of Canaan, Moses ordered the death of some 21,000,000 men, women, and children (Exodus 12:37; Deuteronomy 7:1-7).
Moses’ barbaric behavior didn’t bother Stephen, but it did offend Thomas Paine (1737-1809): “Among the detestable villains that in any period of the world have disgraced the name of man, it is impossible to find a greater than Moses, if this account [Numbers 31] be true. Here is an order to butcher the boys, massacre the mothers, and debauch the daughters.”—Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason (Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press, 1947), pp. 114-115.
Vlll. Cobbett’s Rule. Toward the end of his speech (Acts 7:47-50), Stephen said a few words about the Temple in Jerusalem: “Solomon built a house [Temple] for God. However, the Most High does not dwell in houses and temples made with human hands. It is just as the prophet Isaiah said when he spoke for the Lord [Isaiah 66: 1-2], ‘Heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool. What kind of house will you build for me? In what place will I rest? I have made everything.”‘
In light of these verses, what was Stephen’s attitude toward the Temple? According to some commentators, Stephen regarded the building of the Temple as a misguided act, a major error in religion, based upon a misconception of God and nature. Solomon’s idea of building a stone temple treated God as if he lived inside a building rather than in heaven. Other scholars, however, find that Stephen did not disparage the Temple, for Solomon himself used language similar to Stephen’s (1 Kings 8:27; 2 Chronicles 6:18).
Now enters Cobbett’s Rule: “I speak not only so that I can be understood, but so that I cannot be misunderstood.” Stephen, then, violated Cobbett’s Rule, for one group of commentators or the other has misunderstood Stephen.
Conclusion. Stephen’s sense of right and wrong leaves quite a bit to be desired.
Keep on reading. Rachel Konrad, the Associated Press, “U. S. circumcision rate drops,” The Tuscaloosa News, June 19, 2007, p. 4A.